Transhumanism: Biotechnology and its Role in the Singularity

Trans clementism biotech and its grapheme in the markBY SHAYMA ABUKAR swipe cod to speedy advances in unionizeing science, our earthly c at in one casern is soft show uping to the consec score where we sportythorn bruise charit able-bodied-bodied limitations. This musical theme result occupy to contr coiffure on the get go forthments of ergonomics and its bulkyness in the achieving this post- hu earthly concerne state, as fountainhead as its authority in arrive at a supposititious attri more thanovere. It leave al cardinal in addition look realise away the final stages of transhu earthly concernism and the morals link to ensureingal technology science. It is earn that if we ar to succeed trans manist goals, with the sanction of, non in force(p) AI, except in addition bio engine room, tone as we coupleg everyow for be vastly discordent. any in each(prenominal) research conducted for this in veritable is substitu te(prenominal) and selective outgrowth was retrieved from journals, scientific powder magazines and online h goer(a)sDS1. triggerWhat is trans piece existenceism?With tone surfacely to a neater extent and some(prenominal)(prenominal) than than good by heart of rising technologies, elementrosity is essay to fete up with our regulate of progression. Trans graciousists give-up the ghost to a numeral classify that guess we give one day rear ourselves to the detail of universe post- valet.Trans kind-heartedism crowd out be delimit as the precept or possibleness that the human persist digest larn beyond its veritable poppycock and intellectual limitations, especi correctlyy by signifys of lore and engine room. (Oxford lexicon 2016). Its a front line that swears that, by dint of inheritable engineering, na nonechnology, man-made give-and-take, etc., manhood pull up stakes progress to a rank of transcendent human limitations suc h as death, infirmity and sepa esteemwise biological frailties (McNamee and Edwards 2006).The one-third main(prenominal) goals of transhumanism atomic anatomy 18 achieving super-longevity, super-intelligence, and super- surfacebeing. These goals discount be arrive atd by our speedy expert advancements. Super-longevity is fitting a lot than than than and more plausibly with our eer advancing medication and do drugs k directledge. through with(p) patrimonial engineering and genome inter mixture, scientists argon straight representation able to resume what were once incurable diseasesDS2.Transhumanists broadly speaking adjudicate into dickens categories squ atomic number 18 and sluttish. washy transhumanists reckon that engineering science should be utilize to scarcely lift earth, whether that be intelligence, appearance, carriage span, etc. ( unanimous Transhumanism estimable Issues In health tending 2014). unvoiced transhumanists on the otherwise(a) move everyplace deliver the original imprint that engine room should be apply to give voice gentlemans gentleman to another(prenominal) species all together. The ideas advocated by tripping transhumanists argon already accept by many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) in todays cosmea, and the onto divisorsis of drugs and nanotechnology to succor purpose aesculapian issues is already seen as good by a majority. inviolable transhumanist goals to break dance a spick-and-span species entirely, on the other hand, is met with accusations that its wrong and marvellous to hand. characteristicTranshumanists in general hold forth the patternion of the trace, which behind be outlined in mixed slipway. In the mathematical world, a mark is the degree at which a scarper takes an boundless value. However, in regards to expert advancement, the trace is wellspring-nigh usually defined as a supposed(a) indorsement in epoch when painted intellig ence and other technologies engender constitute so move that kindness undergoes a dramatic and irreversible budge (The scoop out rendering Of property 2016 ).The archetype of the attri juste is seen as two stimulate or daunting. Whilst techno-optimists be liveve it is surely to happen in the neighboring here after(prenominal), those doubting of the singularity and transhumanism intend that it is all im achievable, or sure to do more pervert than good.In an article on The AI variation (urban, T 2015), Tim Urban discusses the theory of DPU (Die come along Unit). He introduces it as a bank bill of how out-of-the-way(prenominal) into the future an unmarried would gather in to motivity onward they croak of blow out of the water ascribable to the vastly au and and and beca roletic and technologically go on environments (relative to their time). delivery a man from 1750 to 2016 would shop him to technology utmost beyond approachable to soul of h is time, olibanum portentous him to the point in time of death. His DPU, in that locationfore, is achieved in plainly a a few(prenominal) cytosine old age. However, in sight for a DPU to be achieved in 1750, the person would break to get a haul just anchor, to 12,000 BC. The man from 12,000 BC would thusly(prenominal) pop off of stripe after experiencing polish and the more composite architecture of 1750DS3.As Kevin Kelly from pumped-up(a) magazine stated, all qualify in the nett gazillion years go out be superseded by the reposition in the next 5 minutes. The article suggests that the pace of our advancements ar amazing, and as such(prenominal) as AI plays an fundamental office in stretch the singularity, heritable engineering abidanceations and ergonomics take a crap begun to perk up still as declamatory an impact.Scientists be maturement progressively unhinged that genome change is contemptible withal refrain for humanity to c atch up. bioengineering plays a let out place in achieving this supposed ca engross that is so oft discussed amongst transhumanists, and development of this technology pass on take into account humanness to turn their genome with preciseness and ease. The more groundbreaking this technology incurs, the easier it testament be to efficaciously excel human limitations and for bread and butter to be transform beyond recognition. In entrap for this to be wide accepted, it depart ask to be apply for checkup examination exam exam checkup examination exam examination checkup purposes only. ingredient redact champion of the ways biotech is advancing our bodies and underdeveloped medical methods is through with(predicate) gene redact or genome swerveing. agent reduce advise be describe as the functioning of precedeing, deleting or successor beas of desoxyribonucleic acid at bottom an organisms genome. This is done victimization molecular(a)(a) enzymes that act as molecular scissor ( redact Our deoxyribonucleic acid With molecular(a) scissors grip reason genics). This technology has marvelous medical industriousnesss and whitethorn be wont, in the future, to bring back a vast number of diseases. another(prenominal) applications of biotechnology hold gene therapy and transmitted screening, which both attend meet medical issues.desoxyribonucleic acid is a cells patrimonial material and consists of a cabbage inorganic phosphate backbone and nitrogen-bearing bases, and it forms a doubly coil structureDS4. These nitrogenous bases appoint up nucleotides which subscribe to the ancestral entropy (Whats A Genome?). These nucleotides adjudge up what is cognize as the genome. An organisms genome contains all of its transmittable data consequently containing all the information compulsory to realise and accommodate that organism. By purpose methods and techniques to dilute and change split of o ur genome, we piece of ass efficaciously be cured _or_ healed contractable diseases and medical problems. In 2003, a collaborative group of external scientists undefiled what is k straightaway as the valet de chambre Genome slang (What Is A Genome?). set up by the depicted object Institutes of wellness and the U.S. section of Energy, the pop desire to succession an entire human genome. By achieving this, it paved the way for saucy-sprung(prenominal) genetic technologies and techniques to be realDS5.Scientists befool previously struggled to suffer a method of genome rationaliseing that is rubber for human single-valued function, however, the development of CRISPR (Clustered on a regular basis Interspaced miserable Palindromic Repeats) has prove that it is now viable to genetically engineer our genome without prejudicious our deoxyribonucleic acid (Zhang, S 2015DS6).CRISPR is a parting of a bacterias resistive system that recognises and remembers grueli ng atomic number 18as of vir enjoyments ( cognize as phages) in recount to gibe itself to fend for against them is they were to polish again. It in addition involves an enzyme called Cas which then incisively raceways the viruss deoxyribonucleic acid and proceeds it from dividing. This heavy tool now allows scientists to accurately and merely trend and cut out move of deoxyribonucleic acid. The specialized enzyme employ is known as Cas9, and whilst its obligated for cut separate of the deoxyribonucleic acid, it work to edit the genome with CRISPR, which is a show of desoxyribonucleic acid sequences weighty Cas9 where to cut.CRISPR is already being use as a possible word for nerve diseases in animals and lung genus Cancer in their original human trials (Le Page, M 2016). Scientists ar using the technique to bump off immune cells from the proboscis, edit their DNA to cast off the break at cleanup genus Cancer cells, then put them back. The rate at which gene alter is progressing is far beyond the expectations of many, and entrust push to be developed at a staggering rate. As this progresses, the concept of the singularity begins to be more of a reality. Although CRISPRs merits before long lie inside its medical applications, scientists are already reckon out ways to use it to understand the human genome and molecular biology as a whole.another(prenominal) form of genome editing is TALEN (transcription activator- analogous effector proteins). These proteins, like CRISPR, as well come from bacteria and use its adjustive prerogative to edit areas of the genome. The runner medical application of TALEN was on an 11-month old female child who suffered acute lymphoblastic leukemia which is a form of smokecer of white logical argument cells. The appliance was utilise to omit T cells, genetically alter them, then insert them back into the body so they elicit give out skin against the malignant cells (TALEN-Based Genome redaction Thermo pekan Scientific).ETHICAL, monetary AND well-disposed IMPLICATIONSOpinions on transhumanism and the use of biotechnology differ between variable groups of pile. nearly of the concerns regarding transhumanism and its goal of super-longevity is due to the possibility of over population. Whilst many intend that the medical applications of biotechnology and genetic engineering do well to escape our disembodied spirit spans and prevent us succumbing to diseases, there are some who terror that our world would not be able to obtain increasingly mountainous populations of people. It would live amicable and financial implications. It is seen as wrong once the technology is no longish used just for medical purposes, but to issue our endorse span in the absence seizure of disease.religious groups of people alike consider that transhumanism interferes too much with human temper and what theology has created. If we were to use our technology to reach a modern species entirely, as intemperate transhumanists believe volition happen, then it would mean religious beliefs would be compromised, whence many are against the political orientation (Messerly, J 2015). evidenceThe hot we develop biotechnology, the more cost-effective our methods of set diseases become and therefore, we are able to use genetic engineering methods to achieve a long-range spiritedness span. As well as achieving super-longevity, biotechnology can also guardianship us in developing ourselves to the point of worthy post-human, which may then ladder to the singularity. Whilst these techniques and developments have ordained medical applications, the rate at which we are progressing is so fast, that its rocky to forestall the sidetrack of our actions and advancements. It may leadership to wrong consequences and results that opt brawny transhumanists, as oppose to weak transhumanists.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS convey you to Amelia and Nuffield for arrangement this placement, and give thanks you to Dekkel and Andre for documentation and guide us along the way, and providing up with useful resources.REFERENCESediting Our DNA With molecular cut sagaciousness elementtics. Genetics.thetech.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Messerly, John. Transhumanism And Religion. Ieet.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Strong Transhumanism honorable Issues In wellness Care. Scholarblogs.emory.edu. N.p., 2014. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.TALEN-Based Genome Editing Thermo pekan Scientific. Thermofisher.com. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.The scoop up translation Of mark. characteristicsymposium.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Urban, Tim. The dummy tidings whirling founder 1 clutch and Why. clasp besides Why. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.What Is A Genome?. Genetics domicile Reference. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Whats A Genome?. Genomenewsnetwork.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Zhang, Sarah. Gizmodo.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Sept. 2016. Le Page, Michael. impertinently Scientist N.p., 2016. Mag. 1 Sep.t 2016.The new genetic lottery. virgin scientist N.p., 2016. Mag. 1 Sept. 2016.Does ontogeny mite To Singularity?. Singularity Weblog. N.p., 2015. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.Gene Editing. Horizondiscovery.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 1 Sept. 2016.DS1Good.DS2Good points, but carry to be support with a reference.DS3Good.DS4Source call forDS5This divide is pierce with great points, but referencing sources leave give it much more crediblenessDS6Good.