The Effect of Emperors on Religion - 2087 Words

Religion has always been a predominant aspect in human life, whether we are believers or not, and has always influenced our lives whereas it is tied with social, political and economic aspects. Indeed, for example, nowadays Christianity has become the largest, dominant religion in the world with nearly 2.2 billion adherents in countries such as Brazil, Mexico, Russia and United States. [8] Moreover, Christianity not only as a religion itself, but along with the church, had had an impact on the course of history, both for its adherents and for the others. Historically, it is commonly known that Christianity started with Jesus in the ancient Roman world, it is commonly known that he was eventually executed and that, after his death, Christians were persecuted under several Roman emperors reigns, and it is commonly known that during one specific reign the Romans started to shift their attitude towards Christians and Christianity became the main religion of Rome and of all its provinces that adopted Romes culture, traditions and, precisely, religion. All of the above laid the foundation of what today we know as Christianity, though, what is Christianity? Historically, who was Jesus? Who were these reigns that brutally oppressed Christian population? And, more importantly, who was that Emperor that changed the destiny of that growing religion in the years of his reign? Palestine, a Roman province, faced the birth of the Jesus movement, today known as Christianity. FollowersShow MoreRelated China and Japan Essay1013 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout the dynasties in China and Japan, religion, economy and politics have been affected by each other in various ways. In the book â€Å"Religion and Making of Modern East Asia†, Thomas Dubois brings to light the impact religion made on both politics and economy in China and Japan throughout the historical period up till date. In his words, he describes â€Å"religion as an extremely political force† (Duboi s, 2011, pp. 7-16). As various religions were introduced, it shaped the politics of leadersRead MoreThe Rule Of The Empire Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesto spread their religious mantra to their populace. Asoka, of the Mauryan empire, wanted to use his religion in order to establish his empire as a stronghold of peace and prosperity. In stark contrast to that, Emperor Trajan of Rome wanted for Christians under his dominion to be persecuted in order to keep the status quo of the empire. Walking the line between acceptance and persecution, Emperor Constantine of Rome attempted to use persuasion in order to coax people to convert to Christianity. NoRead MoreThe Edict Of Milan As A Form Of Betrayal882 Words   |  4 Pages The Edict of Milan was an order given by Emperor Constantine of the Roman Empire in the year 313. This order marked the acceptance for the Christian faith within the Roman Empire after decades of persecution. Its issuance led to Christianity becoming the dominant faith in the Roman Empire, as well as the most widely practiced religion in the world today. Unfortunately the end of the persecution of Christians was cause for the persecution of pagans, resulting in cultural, political, andRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire950 Words   |  4 Pageswas a very paranoid emperor. He was so paranoid that he even created 120 holidays to keep people entertained. This period is known as The Bread and Circuses period. Commodus is considered to be the fall of Rome, because he had every male of the Julio-Claudian family killed, and also because he failed to name his successor. By failing to do so Commodus forced Rome to start using Barrack Emperors. Using the Barrack Emperors caused a downfall in the economy, because the new emperors would spend more moneyRead MoreThe Edict Of Milan. Kincade Hughes1264 Words   |  6 PagesSection 6 Mr. Allen April 2, 2015 In 313 AD the two Emperors of the Western and Eastern part of the Roman Empire met and made a decision that would change the faith of western Religion. In Milan, a city in northern Italy, they agreed on a statement that was later published as a letter and became known as the Edict of Milan. This letter was the turning point for Christianity and a key event for its rise to becoming the leading western Religion. This essay analyzes the events that led to the EdictRead MoreThe Theodosian Code1250 Words   |  5 Pagesneed for organized law; and so with each emperor there came new constitutions and decrees for the Roman people to follow. The Theodosian Code was just one of the many juristic materials that helped define Roman law and keep legal clarity until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 C.E.1This paper will define the contents of The Theodosian Code; show how the size and organization of the Roman Empire had an effect on the document; and examine how religion had influenced the laws within the documentRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1305 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest rulers in history King Cyrus and Emperor Constantine you will discover that these two historical leaders dramatically influenced the change of direction for Judaism and Christianity. There are some scholars who would argue that these two ruler’s conversions to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organized religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many landsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1302 Words   |  6 Pagesgreatest rulers in history King Cyrus and Emperor Constantine you will discover that these to historical leaders dramatically influenced the change of direction for Judaism and Christianity. There are some scholars who would argue that these to ruler’s conversion to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organized religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many landsRead MoreComparison And Contrast Of Maus And When The Emperor Was Divine1405 Words   |  6 PagesKalniesha Joseph Professor Lothes Lit 237 December 17, 2015 Fall 2015 Comparison and Contrast of Maus and When the Emperor was Divine Art Spiegelman’s Maus, the book was evolved around second generation trauma in father and son relationship. The novel, When the Emperor was Divine by Julie Otsuka was about a five different narrative perspective with the family s internment experience in the voices of the mother, daughter, son, and father. Each of the characters have their section for the bookRead MoreA Culture Can Be Characterized By Geographical Features,1092 Words   |  5 Pagesreligious beliefs. All of these can change over time. However, how it begins is the foundation for all humankind. The Ancient Greek and Roman societies emphasized religion as the heart of their life. Everything in their lives centered on their religion. Religion is a part of any society in the world. It affects people’s lives everyday. Religion is â€Å"the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods†. People sacrifice valuable things to please their god or goddesses

Running With Scissors By Augusten Burroughs - 1444 Words

Child development is the biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in individuals between birth and the end of adolescence. (Wiki) Child development is inevitably altered when obstacles such as mental instability and abandonment arise, ultimately affecting children going into adulthood. Adolescents are very unlikely to reach their full potential without the guidance of an adult figure, such as a mother, father, sibling, or guardian. Adult figures are essential to a growing child because they exemplify decision making, wisdom, and overall life lessons on how to grow up. Although some children do have an adult figure in their life, they aren’t always the best influences for their children, adults also face their own battles which can reflect upon their exterior, ultimately having a critical effect on a child’s development. For example, in â€Å"Running with Scissors† by Augusten Burroughs, the main character Augusten lives with his mother who suffers from a mental disorder who guides him into a pathway of chaos and disorder. Augusten learns to cope with no guidance, but still faces many issues that could have been resolved with a reassuring adult figure. Situations that affect adults can range from divorce, alcoholism, and depression. Although not as talked about, teenage parenting also plays a big role in the way a child will develop. In most cases, teenage pregnancies are unplanned and as a result young teenage girls either decide to keep, abort, or put the babyShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues of Running with Scissors Essay685 Words   |  3 PagesEthical Issues of â€Å"Running with scissors† This movie is told from Augusten Burroughs point of view of his childhood. He was very close to his mother; he skipped school to stay with her. To him he seemed to have an ordinary life. His house was very clean and he would polish things because he liked it so clean. His mother Deidre Burroughs, who has gone insane after her divorce from his father, gives him up for adoption to her psychiatrist, Dr. Finch. She comes to their house quite often throughoutRead MoreRunning with Scissors Review Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesKevin Cole October 23, 2011 Period 5 AP Psychology Book Review Running With Scissors: A Memoir Hello, as you probably know each quarter I am required to read a book for the course AP Psychology. For this quarter, I chose the book Running With Scissors by Augusten Burroughs. The publisher of the book is St. Martin’s Press in the United States and it was published in the year of 2002. The author of the book is also the subject of the book due to it being a memoir. He is qualified to write thisRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pages75 GRO JNF 636.7 GRO http://www.marleyandme.com/ Sixx, Nikki The heroin diaries ANF 784.54 SIX Lucy, Judith The Lucy Family alphabet ANF 792.0280994 LUC http://www.readings.com.au/product/9780670071326/the-lucy-family-alphabet Burroughs, Augusten Running with scissors ANF 813.6 BUR Skrzynecki, Peter Sparrow garden ANF 819.14 SKY Who do you think you are? Second generation immigrant women in Australia ed. Herne, J. ANF 819.8 WHO Frame, Janet An angel at my table ANF 819.93 FRA Facey, Albert A fortunate

Means More to Me free essay sample

Is there one place on earth that means more to me than all others? Theres nothing better than Waking up In the morning with the cool breeze blowing upon my face, the warm sunshine and the breathtaking view of the sea that seems to go beyond infinity. Breakfast Is served, the day starts with the usual sounds of teaspoon hitting the porcelain cups as everybody stirs their hot coffee (or milk) and the cheerful discussion of the children sharing their dreams last night and what they plan to do for the day. After breakfast, we go outside and play with the sand, bulging sand structures and smashing them not worried about life. It was fun. This Is home 20 years ago. Since I started college, most of the time I was not at home. I have been sent to a university at another city 3 hours away from our hometown. Slowly I have been molded to become an independent person, meeting strangers and acquaintances with different values and principles in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Means More to Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People with different attitudes and personalities tend to influence me to either paths. But yet, the values my parents instilled in me still holds on. It will be my guiding light in the dark and my compass when I seem lost.Home is the first school I attended to, with my parents as my first searchers, and my siblings as my first classmates. The values they teach us will be our foundation where we will build our success from. Fast forward today. Here I am, in an office at a big metropolis, far from home, living this now-complicated life. No more sand structures, cool breeze and warm sunshine along the beach. My memories flashback to the times we were still kids. Waking up in the morning is so relaxing and comforting as were looking forward for a fun and exciting day ahead. I treasure everything at home the place that means more to me than any place on earth.

Stuxnet free essay sample

Future of Cyber War David Adams Legal and Ethical Issues in Computing CIS 4253 The discovery in June 2010 that a cyber worm dubbed ‘Stuxnet’ had struck the Iranian nuclear facility at Natanz suggested that, for cyber war, the future is now. Yet more important is the political and strategic context in which new cyber threats are emerging, and the effects the worm has generated in this respect. Perhaps most striking is the confluence between cyber crime and state action. States are capitalizing on technology whose development is driven by cyber crime, and perhaps outsourcing cyber attacks to non-attributable third parties, including criminal organizations. Cyber offers great potential for striking at enemies with less risk than using traditional military means. It is unclear how much the Stuxnet program cost, but it was almost certainly less than the cost of single fighter-bomber. Yet if damage from cyber attacks can be quickly repaired, careful strategic thought is required in comparing the cost and benefits of cyber versus traditional military attack. We will write a custom essay sample on Stuxnet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One important benefit of cyber attack may be its greater opportunity to achieve goals such as retarding the Iranian nuclear program without causing the loss of life or injury to innocent civilians that air strikes would seem more likely to inflict. Nevertheless, cyber attacks do carry a risk of collateral damage, with a risk of political blowback if the attacking parties are identified. Difficulty in identifying a cyber attacker presents multiple headaches for responding. A key strategic risk in cyber attack, finally, lies in potential escalatory responses. Strategies for using cyber weapons like Stuxnet need to take into account that adversaries may attempt to turn them back against us. The discovery in June 2010 that a cyber worm dubbed ‘Stuxnet’ had struck the Iranian nuclear facility at Natanz suggested that, for cyber war, the future is now. Stuxnet has apparently infected over 60,000 computers, more than half of them in Iran; other countries affected include India, Indonesia, China, Azerbaijan, South Korea, Malaysia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Finland and Germany. The virus continues to spread and infect computer systems via the Internet, although its power to do damage is now limited by the availability of effective antidotes, and a built-in expiration date of 24 June 2012. (McMillan, 2010) Stuxnet is a sophisticated computer program designed to penetrate and establish control over remote systems in a quasi-autonomous fashion. It represents a new generation of ‘fire-and-forget’ malware that can be aimed in cyberspace against selected targets. Those that Stuxnet targeted were ‘air gapped’; in other words, they were not connected to the public Internet and penetration required the use of intermediary devices such as USB sticks to gain access and establish control. Using four ‘zero-day vulnerabilities’ (vulnerabilities previously unknown, so that there has been no time to develop and distribute patches), the Stuxnet worm employs Siemens default passwords to access Windows operating systems that run the WinCC and PCS 7 programs. These are programmable logic controller (PLC) programs that manage industrial plants. The genius of the worm is that it can strike and reprogram a computer target. (Garza, 2010) Some media reports mistakenly thought the Iranian light-water power reactor at Bushehr was also a target. Iran confirmed that Stuxnet infected personal computers there while denying that much damage was inflicted. (Yong, 2010) But Bushehr seems an unlikely target, because the plutonium produced by such light-water reactors is not well suited for weapons purposes. The more likely target is Irans uranium-enrichment program. Although most of the 4,000–5,000 centrifuges operating to date at the pilot and industrial-scale fuel-enrichment facilities at Natanz have been producing only low-enriched uranium, the same centrifuges could be put to use to produce highly enriched uranium for weapons. Alternatively, and in a more likely scenario, it is feared that Iran could be operating secret centrifuge facilities to produce highly enriched uranium. The key to the Stuxnet worm is that it can attack both known and unknown centrifuges. Although there is no hard evidence that Stuxnet has exposed Ahmadinejad to public criticism that the government failed to competently defend key installations, cyber can nevertheless be a tool to discredit, destabilize and weaken the authority of adversarial regimes. Cyber also offers great potential for striking at enemies with less risk than using traditional military means. For example, North Korea poses threats other than through its nuclear program. It is involved, for example, in extensive counterfeiting. Cyber attack offers potential options that may prove effective in countering such criminal activity. Cyber is, moreover, less costly than traditional military action. It is unclear how much the Stuxnet program cost, but it was almost certainly less than the cost of single fighter-bomber. Third parties currently working in concert with a state may or may not be held under tight control. Criminal groups are mercenary. They may well sell their services twice. Outsourcing to the underworld is a slippery slope.

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association

Lambda and Gamma Levels of Association Lambda and gamma are two measures of association that are commonly used in social science statistics and research. Lambda is a measure of association used for nominal variables while gamma is used for ordinal variables. Lambda Lambda is defined as an asymmetrical measure of association that is suitable for use with nominal variables. It may range from 0.0 to 1.0. Lambda provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. As an asymmetrical measure of association, lambda’s value may vary depending on which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variables are considered the independent variable. To calculate lambda, you need two numbers: E1 and E2. E1 is the error of prediction made when the independent variable is ignored. To find E1, you first need to find the mode of the dependent variable and subtract its frequency from N. E1 N – Modal frequency. E2 is the errors made when the prediction is based on the independent variable. To find E2, you first need to find the modal frequency for each category of the independent variables, subtract it from the category total to find the number of errors, then add up all the errors. The formula for calculating lambda is: Lambda (E1 – E2) / E1. Lambda may range in value from 0.0 to 1.0. Zero indicates that there is nothing to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. In other words, the independent variable does not, in any way, predict the dependent variable. A lambda of 1.0 indicates that the independent variable is a perfect predictor of the dependent variable. That is, by using the independent variable as a predictor, we can predict the dependent variable without any error. Gamma Gamma is defined as a symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variable or with dichotomous nominal variables. It can vary from 0.0 to /- 1.0 and provides us with an indication of the strength of the relationship between two variables. Whereas lambda is an asymmetrical measure of association, gamma is a symmetrical measure of association. This means that the value of gamma will be the same regardless of which variable is considered the dependent variable and which variable is considered the independent variable. Gamma is calculated using the following formula: Gamma (Ns - Nd)/(Ns Nd) The direction of the relationship between ordinal variables can either be positive or negative. With a positive relationship, if one person ranked higher than another on one variable, he or she would also rank above the other person on the second variable. This is called same order ranking, which is labeled with an Ns, shown in the formula above. With a negative relationship, if one person is ranked above another on one variable, he or she would rank below the other person on the second variable. This is called an inverse order pair and is labeled as Nd, shown in the formula above. To calculate gamma, you first need to count the number of same order pairs (Ns) and the number of inverse order pairs (Nd). These can be obtained from a bivariate table (also known as a frequency table or crosstabulation table). Once these are counted, the calculation of gamma is straightforward. A gamma of 0.0 indicates that there is no relationship between the two variables and nothing is to be gained by using the independent variable to predict the dependent variable. A gamma of 1.0 indicates that the relationship between the variables is positive and the dependent variable can be predicted by the independent variable without any error. When gamma is -1.0, this means that the relationship is negative and that the independent variable can perfectly predict the dependent variable with no error. References Frankfort-Nachmias, C. Leon-Guerrero, A. (2006). Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

I Pity the Full!

I Pity the Full! I Pity the Full! I Pity the Full! By Maeve Maddox Something strange has happened to the useful expression foolproof. Many writers are writing full proof to mean safe against misinterpretation, misuse, or failure: How to make a contract full-proof CREATING A FULL PROOF MARKETING CAMPAIGN Reduce Stretch Marks From Pregnancy Try These Full-proof Remedies Steps to a Full Proof Insect Free House 10 Full Proof Methods On How To Make Easy Income Online! The expression foolproof originated in 1902 as an Americanism meaning safe against the incompetence of a fool. It combines the words fool and proof. fool: a person lacking in judgment or prudence; a person who acts stupidly or recklessly proof: The evidence or argument that compels the mind to accept an assertion as true. Foolproof follows the pattern of such words as fireproof and waterproof and means that something has been tested and proved to withstand certain damaging agents. The growing use of the expression full proof in the sense of foolproof may stem from a reluctance to cause offense to the fool demographic. Yet the definition in Merriam-Webster Unabridged skillfully manages to define foolproof without the slightest mention of the wisdom-challenged portion of the population:    ï ¿ ¼ foolproof 1 : so simple, plain, or strong as not to be liable to be misunderstood, damaged, or misused 2 : guaranteed to operate without breakdown or failure under any conditions There probably are contexts in which the expression full proof can be justified. For example, one might demand full proof of identity. Although it seems to me that proof would suffice. The expression to make full proof occurs in the King James translation of the Bible: †¨But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry. 2 Timothy 4:5 The expression and discussions of its meaning are to be found on many evangelical sites: What constitutes â€Å"full proof† in Paul’s advice to Timothy? I think make full proof of means to fulfill the ministry that God gives you to do. If you just cant bear to use an expression that you fear may suggest youre calling someone a fool, here are a few words you could substitute in certain contexts: infallible dependable reliable trustworthy certain sure guaranteed Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartHomonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsHow Do You Fare?

Chinese Artist Gu Kaizhi and some of his artwork mainly Nymph of the Research Paper

Chinese Artist Gu Kaizhi and some of his artwork mainly Nymph of the Luo River - Research Paper Example One such popular artist was Gu Kaizhi who  was born in c. 344 at Wuxi, Jiangsu province in China and died in the year c. 406. As a native of Jiangsu, Wuxi province, Gu whose origin was from an Eastern dynasty elite family grew up and became a fantastic painter and writer. From his bibliography, it is clear that during the jin shu (Jin) history, Gu paintings were successful (Suzuki 6). He is noted to have paid high attention to identifying the figures’ eyes so as to obtain the spiritual communion effect. His successive dynasties’ famous paintings imply that Gu’s explored his talent while using his brush and when the painting was complete the actual conception had been embroidered. Some of the books that Gu authored include the introducing famous Jin Dynasties and Wei Paintings, On painting, and Record on the Yuntai mountain painting. It has been noted that theories that were documented in these books still affect the Chinese painters generation. He is among the earliest many-faceted China artists who came up with new standards for figure painting. As widely noted, Gu Kaizhi was one of the most popular eccentric courtier commonly known for being a figure subject and a painter of portraits. His art has been known for both paintings and written records and recorded as being one among the many who painted the representation of the Vimalakirti. The hand scroll popularly referred to as the nymph of the Luo River, which illustrates a Daoist poem and his essay often referred to as on the painting the Cloud Terrace Mountain are the two versions of paintings recorded as his painting (Yang 19). The popular hand scroll that bears the title The Admonitions of Court Instructress has his signature although it has not been recorded as his own original painting (Yang 29). However, one thing to content with is that it accurately maintains its Pre-Tang dynasty style with the scroll illustrating a series of scenes often separated by texts of didactic Confucia n poem with a proper character for court ladies. It also has a line carefully controlled with a composition that highlights the selected details which illustrate and expand effectively on the nature of the text. This paper seeks to discuss one of the works of Gu Kaizhi paintings, commonly referred to as The Nymph of the Luo River. Certainly, The Nymph of the Luo River is one of the most likeable Gu Kaizhi’s paintings. The work was painted by Cao Zhi and inspired by Ode. It existed in three copies closely related to the Sing dynasty. One of the copies is held in the Freer Gallery in Washington, D.C. while the other is in the Beijing’s Palace Museum, and the last copy was in Manchuria. This was brought to that place by Pu Yi who was the last emperor. He did this while operating as the Manchukuo’s puppet emperor under the rule of the Japanese. However, after the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the painting disappeared and was brought back after ten years to the provi ncial Museum at Liaoning. Historically, Cao Zhi was a poet in a period of three kingdoms (McCausland 10). The poem narrates a story of love between a woman referred to as Zhen and the poet. The woman later marred the elder brother of Cao Zhi who was known as Cao Pei. The poem describes the romantic encounter at the nymph and the lingering love experience of Cao Pei towards the wife of his brother. It captures the first

How can powerful people affect the lives of people who do not have a Essay

How can powerful people affect the lives of people who do not have a lot of power - Essay Example Indeed, the two generations have distinct needs, objectives, views, perception of life, and communication techniques. Most specifically, the communication between the two generations is not successful as the rarely agree on anything. Ideally, the older generation disregards the younger generation by condemning what the later does. In fact, we can see Miss Emily dismissing the modern generation of the town. Faulkner quotes that, â€Å"So she vanquished them, horse and foot, just as she had vanquished their fathers thirty years before about the smell† (Barnet 420). More so, we can establish the tax disagreement between Miss Emily and the new generation who wanted her to pay the debt after disputing the earlier arrangement, which exempted her from paying taxes in 1894 (Barnet 419). According to the short story, A Rose for Emily, â€Å"She refused to acknowledge that the old arrangement might not work anymore, and flatly refused to pay† (Barnet 423). Indeed, she was dissati sfied with the new arrangement. Her blatant refusal depicts a disregard and disrespect of the new generation. Moreover, when the mayor and his new administration visited Miss Emily, she despised them and did not interact or welcome them to her house (Barnet 421). Actually, Faulkner claims, â€Å"She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt† (Barnet 421). On the other hand, we can see Connie disagreeing with her mother who actually scolds and nags her for admiring herself in the mirror (Barnet 481). However, Connie ignores her criticism and spends most of her time in clubs. Notably, the looks of Connie’s mother were long gone. Connie’s mother disregards Connie’s ability and urges her to behave and dress like her elder sister. Oates claims that Connie’s mother always lamented Connie by stating, "Why don't you keep your room clean like your sister? How have you got your hair fixed—what stinks? Hai r spray? You don't see your sister using that junk† (Barnet 481). Furthermore, the two generations do not communicate effectively as we can see the mayor and his new generation communicating ineffectively with Miss Emily who never responded to their letters, notices, and mails. Indeed, Faulkner asserts, â€Å"Each December we sent her a tax notice, which would be returned by the post office a week later, unclaimed† (Barnet 423). As such, the new generation gave up on getting any information from Miss Emily. At the same time, we can confirm that the decisions made by those in power do not reflect the best interests of all. Indeed, the powerful seek to satisfy their needs and those of their colleagues with total disregard of the less powerful in the society. For instance, we can see Colonel Sartoris, the mayor hatching a plan to exempt Miss Emily from tax from the death of her father on into perpetuity (Barnet 419). Indeed, Colonel Sartoris cheated the general society tha t Miss Emily's father loaned the town some money, which Miss Emily can only recover by being tax exempted (Barnet 419). Such a move did not suit the interests of all as it denied the town huge resources that can add some benefit to the society. As such, we can see the new mayor reversing that arrangement for the benefit of the people. Moreover, we can see the authorities refusing to confront Miss Emily on the strong stink coming from her

The United States Annexation of Hawaii Essay Example for Free

The United States Annexation of Hawaii Essay The United States annexes Hawaii in 1900 is Imperialism.Because it had to do with hawaii and their economical power.It also had to do with them other countries fighting over them.It also had to do with Hawaii being scared of countries and their territory nations. The Untied States wanted Hawaii to become a state .In 1959 the Untied states government annexed Hawaii and was later declared a state. The reason why is because British and French governments negotiation on Hawaii for economic privileges. So Hawaii was fearful that it would become one of the territory nation . So the United States signed a treat with them. Which they decalred a friendly relationship. The United States attempts to mediate in the Venezuela -Great Britain dispute in 1895 is Intervention.Because it had ivolvement with foreign power in affairs for another nation.It achieve the stronger powers. There was a dispute between Venezuela and Great Britian. That even Cleaveland invoked the Monroe Doctrine. The United States secretary toke interpretation on the Monroe Doctrine when the dispute occurred between British Guiana and Venezuela.Monroe Doctrine gave United States the authority to mediate the border dispute on the Western Hemisphere.The reason why this was happening because Venezuela and Great Britian disputed over the boundaries deprarting the Venezuela and British Guiana.The bountries claimed gold was in their territory.So thats when United Stated sent a message to the world that they would enforce the monroe Doctrine.They made it clear to them that it was going to be enforced. The United States declines to give aid to Hungarian patriots in 1849 is Isolation.Because it was remaining apart from other nations affairs. Hungary was basically classfied as a national independent country. Note:There is like nothing on Hungarian and why the United Stated declines them Ive looked everywhere I asked my mom if you have any info I will be gladly to refix this one and resubmit it.

What is Marketing Essay -- Business Marketing Essays

What is Marketing 1. Introduction 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Purpose The purpose of this report is to get all of the management employees of Proton in all of the departments outside marketing to familiarize with what marketing is and also to show its importance in the company. 1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Background Proton is the biggest Malaysian automobile manufacturer. Proton automobiles are available in many countries such as China, Singapore, Australia, Algeria and United Kingdom. Proton has commanded the local automotive market, and will continuously dominate in the pursuit of being ‘Customers’ Number One Choice for Automotive Products and Services’ (http://www.proton-edar.com.my/company_info/overview/company_info.php?currentSceneSec=0101¤tScene=0100¤tButton=1). 1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scope Getting to know the definitions of marketing and also the importance of marketing and how does it contributes to the profitability of the company. 1.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Method Information has been gathered through research of websites, journals and books as well as own interpretation and ideas on how marketing is seen important in contributing to the profitability of the company. 1.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Assumptions It is assumed that other management employees in other departments of Proton, who have no or little idea about marketing, would be able to understand the importance of marketing after the report is read. It is also assumed that the profitability of the company will increase after reading the report. 1.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Limitations The limitations are mainly the inflexibility of time and also the amount of research that needs to be done to write a good report. 2. What is marketing? Marketing is a very general term that has no specific definition to it. However, it is best described as â€Å"A social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others† (Kotler, Brown, Adam and Armstrong, 2004, p919). It is an understanding of how the company works with its consumers and how it generates in the society. Marketing is seen to be the process of ‘bringing in the businesses’. It is not seen to be an alternative, but a necessity (Forsyth, 2004, pg34). Many people consider marketing as a tactic. However it is more than just a tactic. Marketing is analysis. According to Allen Weiss (2002), marketing is the analysis of... ... affects the company’s profitability. Overall, marketing is very important because it is able to find what consumer really wants, this help the business to target and position their markets accurately. And, therefore, attain consumer satisfaction which leads the business to their profitability. Works Cited Forsyth, P (2004) ‘Marketing is a must’, IEE Engineering Management, pg. 34-37 Kotler, P., Adam, S., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., Marketing Edition 6, Prentice Hall Australia, Sydney, 2004 Weiss, A (2004) What is Marketing?, 26 November 2002, http://www.marketingprofs.com/2/whatismarketing.asp, accessed on 10th May 2005. Proton, http://www.proton.com/about_proton/index.php, accessed on 10th May 2005 Proton Edna, http://www.proton-edar.com.my/company_info/overview/company_info.php?currentSceneSec=0101¤tScene=0100¤tButton=1, accessed on 11th May 2005. Hein, K. (2004) â€Å"Brand week†. Vol. 45 Issue 21, p24, 4p, 2 charts. Valentine, V. & Gordon, W. (2000), â€Å"The 21st century consumer: A new model of thinking†. International Journal of Market Research, Vol.42, Iss. 2; pg. 185, 24 pgs Mercedes Benz, http://www.mercedes-benz.com/, accessed 11th May 2005

Fones School of Dental Hygiene Essay

I would like to submit my personal statement with regard to my interest in applying for a degree course in dentistry in Fones School of Dental Hygiene. First of all i have had a passion for sciences subjects since my child hood. I got interested when i saw most patients going to hospitals including myself. I was fascinated by the way dentists attended to their clients. It was the my dream that when i grow up i will pursue the profession. When i was in my elementary and high schools i managed to perform well in my sciences and mathematics subjects as well as liberal arts. With having achieved the required qualification i embarked on looking for dental school the would prepare me for the profession in the levels that are accredited and respected at national and local level as well accredited by the American Dentistry Association. My interest in dental hygiene course is because i want to get skill and knowledge in dental hygiene and practice more from the one i have got in high school level. I have also worked with dental clinics, nursing homes and hospitals and obtained considerable experience. Thus the knowledge and skill that is offered by Fones School of Dental hygiene will be of importance to my future career. My expectation that when i graduate from the college i will be able to fulfill my career goals as a practicing dental hygienist as well as dentist with advancement in education and work experience. During my high school level i was involved in first aid and participated in scouts club. This exposed me the responsibility of caring for patients. My choic3e of dental course is that i would like to be part of the profession that offers more than just what is learned. These include personal satisfaction by working with diverse group of people, prestige as one of the highly skilled and respected profession. Dentistry provides variety in utilizing interpersonal and clinical skills, it offers opportunity for creativity, flexibility, job security and opportunity for career advancement. Several of the options include working in private dental clinics, public health programs, institutions, dental corporations, nursing homes, teaching and research. Since the profession is in high demand it also offers the opportunity for me to own my own clinic and serve the community in a more professional manner. Fones school of Dental is the only such college that can give me the necessary skills needed in the profession. The college is known all over and respected due to its wide experience in teaching and research. It has the best lectures who are accredited and up to date with the current development in dentistry. The school has optional training programs and credits transfer . It has the best facilities and admission criteria that allows any student to pursues any of the following degree programs. Associate Degree, Bachelor of Science and Master of Science. The school has other supportive services for student such as student organizations and community collaboration that offer opportunity to exercise what is learnt in class. Courses offered by the college like radiology, pharmacology, periodontology, community health, marketing,, chemistry, dental material and hygiene are examples of what i am yearning for during the training. Am confident that by going through Fones school i will be able to fulfill my passion and dream for future and better life.

Political Party History

Political Party History Before the Democrat and Republican parties began their reign over American politics, political parties were constantly changing. The first parties resembled faction’s more than actual parties. The nation’s politicians were known to crowd together around a particular issue. These were usually a reflection of social living in America. A change in political parties meant a change in the way Americans were living their lives. Strong third parties also helped influence the Democrat and Republican parties after they gained control. Though the names of parties change over time, there have always been two groups of people taking opposite sides of a common cause. The political party originated when the debate of ratifying the constitution arose. There was a split in the idea of how this new country should be governed. On one side was the federalist, who were mostly supported by the upper class. The wealthy property owners felt susceptible to the open government that was starting to be formed. They wanted to protect their political power. On the other hand the anti-federalists, made up of the lower classes, felt that a stronger central government would create a great deal of corruption as well as threaten the power of the people. These two factions eventually separated into two parties. The first was pushed by Alexander Hamilton and kept the Federalist name. Hamilton believed in a strong national government having most of the authority. Hamilton wanted a strong industrialized country with close ties to the mother country of England. Thomas Jefferson fronted the second party that was named the Democratic-republicans. Jefferson believed in an unpretentious central government giving most authority to the individual states. Jefferson wanted to keep away from the possible corruption of industry and therefore promoted an agrarian based economy. The Federalist Party quickly came to an end when a split in the party occurred due to the controversial presidency of John Adams. With no opposition the Democratic Republicans gradually faded away. This time period consisting of no parties was known as the Era of Good Feelings. With the new idea of universal white male suffrage, which gave the right to vote to all white men in the United States, there was a permanent shift in power. Prospective politicians could no longer only favor the propertied classes; instead they now had to focus on the middle and lower classes concerns. This profound shift helped invigorate a new party, the Democratic Republicans led by Andrew Jackson. The Democratic Republicans believed that the country should be governed under strict adherence to the Constitution. They were against a national banking system. They were also against federally sponsored internal improvements because they felt it would be unwarranted interference and unconstitutional. The opposing side was the National Republicans and was led by John Adams. This party believed in supporting the national bank and favored all internal improvements. The National Republicans were also advocates of a strong central government. Eventually the National Republicans joined forces with many other disparate groups to form The Whig Party. The Democratic Republican Party shortened its name to the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party still favored a limited national government as well as the ideals of agrarianism. Democrats were farmers who believed in the right to own slaves and favored territorial expansion. As transportation improvements increased commercialization and the new democratic politics drew people out of localism into larger networks, questions about national unity arose. Because the Constitution left the federal structure ambiguous all sectional disagreements automatically became constitutional issues. This brought out the great issue of nationalism vs. sectionalism. The opposing side named themselves the Whig Party. The Whigs drew their strength from the growing industrial class. Most Whigs were entrepreneurs who favored urban growth and free labor. The Whigs party beliefs were that of industrialization, they wanted to expand commercially and were in favor of federally sponsored internal improvements in the form of road and waterways. Ultimately the issues over slavery caused the separation of the Whig Party. The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided the Democratic Party. The Act opened up Kansas and Nebraska to deciding their slave status based on popular sovereignty. This angered both the north and the south. By repealing the Compromise of 1820, the Act convinced Northerners that the South was attempting to ensure slavery’s dominance in the United States. The South saw Northern attempts to influence Kansas into voting against slavery as trying to disturb the balance of power. The backlash of the act caused the Democratic Party to split along sectionalist lines and created the Republican Party. This was the Nations first major party created along sectional lines. The new Republican Parties main goal was to stop the spread of slavery into the new territories. The party also wanted to establish a tariff that would protect the countries growing industry; furthermore they wanted to give poor pioneers the ability to own the land they settled in. The Southern Democrats made it abundantly clear that if a Republican won the Presidency the South would secede from the Union to preserve its rights. Shortly after the Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 the South seceded from the union. The South was afraid that a Republican President would eradicate their right to own slaves. The Democrats remained fractionalized during the Civil War. The Northern remnants of the party split into three. First was the War Democrats who supported the civil war. Second, the Peace Democrats who wanted a quick political settlement with the South. Third, the Copperheads who openly opposed the war and even betrayed the Union to help the South. During this time the Republicans formed a temporary alliance with the War Democrats, this new party was known as the Union Party. They chose a Republican Party presidential candidate with a War Democratic Party vice presidential candidate. The Union party, even though it only lasted for the duration of the war, was a unique time in American History. Never have two parties come together to support a common cause rejecting selfish notions of power and working beyond their differences to safe the nation. After the Civil war the Democratic Party rejoined as the main opposition of the Republican Party. While their presidential candidates stand little chance of being elected, strong third parties have promoted concepts and policies that were an important part of social and political lives. The Populist and Socialist parties support for reduced working hours led to the Fair Labor Standards Act. These two parties also supported a progressive tax system that would base a person’s tax liability on their amount of income. This idea led to the ratification of the 16th amendment. The Progressive party, or the Bull Moose party, promoted women’s suffrage and was eventually supported by both Democratic and Republican parties which ratified the19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. The Socialist Party furthermore supported a fund to provide temporary compensation for the unemployed. The idea led to the creation of laws establishing unemployment insurance and the Social Security Act. The American Independent party advocated getting tough on crime. The Republican Party adopted the idea in its platform and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act was the result. From the Revolution to Reconstruction, political parties unified people sharing the same basic principles into a means for change. There has always been one party in the United States party system that was always a strict interpreter of the Constitution and wanted to limit the growing power of the federal government. The other favored a Constitutional interpretation using the elastic clause as a way of increasing federal power. Throughout the first half of American history parties evolved from mere alliances of convenience of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists to the complex political machines of the Democrats, Whigs, and later the Republicans. Though the names of political parties have changed over time there have always been groups of people united to further their own ideological ends. Bibliography USA Today. The Parties. 999-2000. Pearson Education. Presidential Elections. 1789-2004. 2007. Berg-Anderson, Richard E. A Brief History of American Major Parties. May21, 2001. http://www. thegreenpapers. com/Hx/AmericanMajorParties. html Hockett, Homer Carey. Political and Social Growth of the American People. New York: The Mackmillon Company, 1944. Garner, Richard L. Stebbins, Phillip E. Individualism and Community. The Pennsylvania State University, 1975. Hicks, John D. The American Nation. Univ ersity of California, Berkeley1941.

Free Essays on The Religious Systems Of The Huron And Cheyenne

The Religious Systems of the Huron and Cheyenne The price of religion to a human in one of the most important factors in one’s life, as well is their own being. People practice religion for several reasons, throughout the world it is practiced as it being part of their heritage. However many people seek religion for the feeling of security. There are hundreds of different cultures throughout the world, some who believe in everything including their health is left up to the Gods to heal, while others believe in praying for the advanced technology of today may help them to survive. This to them is their feeling of security, whether it is seen different in someone else’s opinion because to them it is what has them to be the person they are. The religious systems of the Huron and the Cheyenne vastly different, however; they did have some similarities. This can be seen through their worldviews of the supernatural universe, the role of shaman in the society, and their attitudes towards death. First, the Huron and the Cheyenne worldviews of the universe differed but also had some similarities. To start, the Huron shared a set of believes, however they were open to innovation and borrowing of religious beliefs from neighboring tribes. The Huron’s people were free to interpret and practice religion as he as she wished, with in the constraints of public opinion. The Huron did not build and special buildings or shrines for religious purposes or ceremonies. The Huron transmitted specialized knowledge of religious beliefs through elderly men. At major feasts these men would stand up and recite their stories. In the Huron religion everything including man made objects had souls. Humans had two souls. The onnhekwi, or life soul animated the body and made each part function. This soul was as large as the body or organ and had the same shape. These souls accounted for actions such as breathing, heart rate, and all bodily motion. Eac... Free Essays on The Religious Systems Of The Huron And Cheyenne Free Essays on The Religious Systems Of The Huron And Cheyenne The Religious Systems of the Huron and Cheyenne The price of religion to a human in one of the most important factors in one’s life, as well is their own being. People practice religion for several reasons, throughout the world it is practiced as it being part of their heritage. However many people seek religion for the feeling of security. There are hundreds of different cultures throughout the world, some who believe in everything including their health is left up to the Gods to heal, while others believe in praying for the advanced technology of today may help them to survive. This to them is their feeling of security, whether it is seen different in someone else’s opinion because to them it is what has them to be the person they are. The religious systems of the Huron and the Cheyenne vastly different, however; they did have some similarities. This can be seen through their worldviews of the supernatural universe, the role of shaman in the society, and their attitudes towards death. First, the Huron and the Cheyenne worldviews of the universe differed but also had some similarities. To start, the Huron shared a set of believes, however they were open to innovation and borrowing of religious beliefs from neighboring tribes. The Huron’s people were free to interpret and practice religion as he as she wished, with in the constraints of public opinion. The Huron did not build and special buildings or shrines for religious purposes or ceremonies. The Huron transmitted specialized knowledge of religious beliefs through elderly men. At major feasts these men would stand up and recite their stories. In the Huron religion everything including man made objects had souls. Humans had two souls. The onnhekwi, or life soul animated the body and made each part function. This soul was as large as the body or organ and had the same shape. These souls accounted for actions such as breathing, heart rate, and all bodily motion. Eac...

SHOOK Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning

SHOOK Surname Origin and Last Name Meaning The surname Shook is a variant of the German surname  Schuck, derived  from  scouh, meaning shoemaker. Schoch is a common Swiss variation and Schook or Schoock are commonly found in the Netherlands. Alternate Surname Spellings:  SHUK, SHOCK, SHUCK, SCHOCH, SCHUCK, SCHOOK, SCHOOCK, SHOOCK, SCHOKE, SCHUCH, SCHUSKE Surname Origin: German Where In the World Is the SHOOK  Surname Found? According to Forebears, the Shook surname is most prevalent in the United States and Guam. The original German spelling of Shuck is still much more common in Germany, especially in the Rheinland-Pfalz region according to WorldNames PublicProfiler. Shuck is also a fairly common surname in Pest, Hungary. Germany-specific surname distribution maps at Verwandt.de identify the Schuck surname as being most frequent in Miltenberg, followed by Aschaffenburg, Berlin, Kusel,  Mà ¼nchen and Kaiserslautern.   Famous People with the SHOOK  Surname Edwin M. Shook - American archaeologist and Mayanist scholarTravis Shook - American jazz pianist Genealogy Resources for the Surname SHOOK Meanings of Common German SurnamesUncover the meaning of your German last name with this free guide to the meanings and origins of common German surnames. Shook  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Shook  family crest or coat of arms for the Shook surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Shook Surname DNA ProjectThis genetic genealogy project is open to all individuals with the surname Hahn and variants such as  Schoke, Schuch, Schuske, Shuck, who are interested in using DNA with traditional genealogical research to identify common Hahn ancestors. Shook Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Shook surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Shook surname query. FamilySearch - SHOOK GenealogyExplore over 500,000 results, including digitized records, database entries, and online family trees for the Shook surname and its variations on the FREE FamilySearch website, courtesy of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SHOOK  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts a free mailing list for researchers of the Shook surname. DistantCousin.com - SHOOK Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Shook. GeneaNet - Shook  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Shook  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Shook Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Shook surname from the website of Genealogy Today.- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to  Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Week 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 11 - Essay Example I believe government resources are for the benefit of every ones use, and by protecting them, it gives me an opportunity to contribute to the aspect of nation building. Another reason for my interest in the profession is that I am knowledgeable of the American constitution and the various laws operating within different states of America. I want to apply this knowledge into serving my country. Finally, the job provides a stable income, which is lucrative. The estimated average salary of a state trooper is $ 48,000 (Lim and Kirsten, 12). Ten years from now, I am planning to serve the government as a FBI agent. This is a national duty, as I will be serving the Federal government (Lim and Kirsten, 32). My reason for an interest in this job is to apply the skills I gained as a state trooper, in ensuring that there is law and order to the citizens of the country. My short term goals are to advance my studies, and acquire a master’s degree in criminology. I believe this degree will give me sufficient skills that will help in ensuring that I discharge my duties, as a state trooper and FBI agent efficiently, and effectively. My long term goals, is to one day head a security organ within the state level of the national level. This can either be the State police unit, the FBI unit, or even the States intelligence units. To achieve these goals, I need to work hard, not only in attaining my graduate degree in criminology, but also in while discharging my duties. This will ensure that I get positive performance appraisals, and thereby giving me an opportunity to move up the

Contrast education (History of Education) Research Paper

Contrast education (History of Education) - Research Paper Example Massachusetts was the first state which implemented compulsory attendance laws in the educational sector. In 2004 their public expenditure for students per head was fifth in the country. They secured highest grade in the National Assessment of students as a mark of their progressive attitude towards education. As far as Middle East colonies in United States are concerned the education was the responsibility of church as well as the family to which the students belong. During that time the aim of education was to bring up children as god fearing individuals. The implementations of all educational schemes were focusing towards the religious matters. Education was only a tool to uplift the religion and its wild customs. It was from these educational institutions that the lifestyle of the people of Middle East states were got molded. As time passed the religion developed least interest on education and the system of public schooling has completely vanished from American colonies. Nowadays the government has proper control over all educational institutions in the states. Thus the history of education in old Massachusetts and Middle and Southern states have got some remarkable differences.

Symposium Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symposium Reflection - Essay Example The speaker concentrated on the necessity and the importance of such type of communication as â€Å"pillow talk†. Amanda explained that in her research she connects this state after orgasm, when the level of Oxytocin which is often called a hormone of happiness, with the increased level of intimacy and security people may experience. This physiological state is very important and if couples learn to open up to each other in such moments it can benefit their relationships in general. Unfortunately, in modern culture people are taught to pay little attention to â€Å"pillow talks† because they can be too intimate and often regarded as redundant. Moreover, Amanda criticizes the present state of things and explains that in a men`s world, a pick up artists` world in particular, much attention is dedicated to the conversation that precedes sex and it seems that the intercourse is the final goal. While in reality sex can only be a basic level of good relationships and only mea ningful communication can bring it to a new level. The topic which Amanda Dees raises in her research looks extremely important to me because paradoxically all adult people have sex but only a small number of them are able to talk about it freely with their partners. People still feel that this is one of taboo topics and any information on it must be kept privately or delivered with the help of hints even to their husbands and wives. This causes troubles for couples because they feel ashamed to explain each other their preferences, weaknesses, and fears, and this lack of communication on the most intimate topic provokes conflicts eventually. And it feels extremely right to make people understand that the conversations about sex and feelings are essential, natural, and moreover required for healthy relationships. I think that if a person takes responsibility to have sex with another person he/she must at least

Dietary Diversity And Nutrition Status Health And Social Care Essay

Dietary Diversity And Nutrition Status Health And Social Care Essay Low birthweight (LBW) is defined as a body weight at birth less than 2500grams. Its main causes include prematurity (born before 37 weeks gestation) in developed countries and Intrauterine Growth Retardation IUGR (restrained foetal growth) in developing countries (ACN/SCN, 2000). Relationship between health of mother and child has also been established, maternal nutritional and health status is an important determinant of childs health and nutritional outcome. LBW infants end up undernourished and stunted children, adolescents and finally women of childbearing age. The main indicators of LBW infants include maternal stunting, low pre-pregnancy weight and low pregnancy weight gain. Thus generational stunting continues (Victoria et al, 2008). Households vary in definition and composition, especially in Africa. Households here in Africa mostly includes the extended family members both in definition and composition. This serves as social support network here and so adds income into the household if the members are economically active or if economically inactive, increases dependency ratio in the household. Mother and child pair nutritional status reflects household dynamics, availability of food, care of mother and child. It can also reflect gender segregation in household food allocation etc. The state of food insecurity 2001 defines Food security [as] a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (SOFI, 2002). Its three building pillars include availability, accessibility and stability of food. Availability entails physical presence of food in the household or area concerned; accessibility is concerned with the ability to acquire adequate amount of food and stability means constancy of food access which can be chronic or transitory. Chronic food insecurity exists when food supplies are persistently insufficient to supply adequate nutrients for all individuals. Transitory food insecurity occurs in the presence of temporary decline in access to adequate food because of instability in food production, food prices or income shortfalls. It is also necessary that available food meet the nutritional needs o f the household members, bringing in the component of food utilization. Resource poor subsistence farmers, landless households, pastoral household, female-headed household and urban poor are more vulnerable to food crisis (UN millennium project, 2005; FEWSNET, 2011). During the study period, coastal state of the Bayelsa, delta, Rivers and some portions of Jigawa in Northeast will experience moderate food insecurity. The coastal states will be affected by Niger-Delta crisis and potential pre-election tension. Pipeline vandalization, will continue to contribute to local water pollution, creating fish shortages among others. Flooding in the Northeast state of Jigawa will reduce household stock (Millet) causing food insecurity, with low cereal prices, above-average increase in tuber production. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defines biodiversity as the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. In other words, it is the variety of life on earth at all levels, from genes to worldwide populations of the same species. The different Levels of biodiversity include ecosystem containing rich biodiversity, species and communities of species and different genotypes, and this includes agricultural biodiversity. All components of agricultural biodiversity relevant to food and agriculture and support the ecosystem that agriculture occurs is important (FAO, 2008). Thus, dietary diversity becomes important as a means of protecting the ecosystem. Dietary diversity can be defined as the number of different foods or food groups consumed over a given reference period, usually 1-2 week. Dietary diversity has been shown to improve nutritional status (Kant et al, 2000; Kiokia and Golden, 2004; Gibson et al, 2000). Thus, it also can aid in combating hidden hunger, and thus double burden. Dietary diversity is a reflection of household food security because depicts accessibility, availability of foods and to some extent stability. Hoddinott and Yohannes analysis of evidence from 10 countries links dietary diversity to household access of calorie and by extension food security (2002). Traditional food systems abound, and are currently going extinct because they are underutilized. The diet is shifting more towards an energy-dense based diet categorized by westernized and processed food, bringing with it the advent of non-communicable diseases like diabetes, coronary heart disease etc. Nutrition education aims to persuade individuals to make meaningful changes in their dietary behaviour. Studies have noted the importance and role in nutrition status and adequacy (Favin and Griffiths, 1999; Tarvinder et al, 2007; Mansour et al, 1994). In view of that, importance of nutrition education cannot be overemphasized in this scope, especially as traditional foods are available in its varieties but less consumed/sought-after. It becomes imperative that nutritional content and thus importance of these foods are once again extolled so that they can be consumed for optimum health. Biologically active substances have been found in traditional foods and functional foods include flavonoids etc. Information technology has opened lots of doors for education and knowledge in the world, which can be harnessed for promotion of nutrition education. Information technology used in education includes access devices, networking and communicating technologies, storage devices and e-learning platform (India policy brief, 2010). They pose great potential for acquiring knowledge especially at the subjects comfort. Phones have been used for teacher training with positive results among other things, MMS examples of teaching, audio lectures, SMS for reminders, motivational messages and short assessment questions etc. were used (ADB/Pouezevara and Khan, 2007). STATEMENT OF PROBLEM There is a dearth of information on the relationship between dietary diversity and nutrition status in Nigeria. There is also little information on shift of food consumption from traditional to processed western foods together with a gap in the quantification of the effect of nutrition education in enhancing dietary diversity. OBJECTIVES GOAL Optimize nutrition status of mother and child through dietary diversity and nutrition education SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To identify the available foods in the surrounding/environment/locality and determine the neglected and underutilized local foods/species To identify the prevalence of malnutrition of mother and child To assess the dietary diversity in the food consumed by the mother-child and factors affecting it. To Investigate association between dietary diversity and nutritional status To ascertain the influence of nutrition education on nutritional status of mother and child. JUSTIFICATION Prevalence of malnutrition in Nigeria is currently high, especially in Under-Five. Currently, 41% of under-fives are stunted, 23% underweight and 14% wasted (NDHS, 2008). High Under-Five Mortality Rate propels continuous childbearing and with is accompanied maternal mortality due to nutrient depletion (El-Ghannam, 2005). Improved maternal health importantly pre-pregnancy status is vital for adequate growth and development of new foetus and to break intergenerational disease and poverty that can arise from poor health status during the first 1000 days (ACC/SCN, 1992). Lack of adequate nutrition education has led to improper feeding techniques of growing child, especially the under-fives. Traditional food systems are gradually becoming extinct and non-existent. The bulk of foods consumed are shifting base to western-influenced and processed foods (Bioversity International, 2006). High incidence of NCDS in developing countries and increase of double burden has been linked to monopoly in consumption of food and lack of dietary diversity. At the beginning of the 1960s, about 40% of the developing countries were chronically undernourished. Many developing countries have achieved 2700kcals. This high energy combined with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle has led to an increase in obesity and NCDS. The composition of the diet change to mainly high energy and fat etc. (Josef and Prakash, 2004). METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVES Objective Variable Type of analysis To identify the available foods in the surrounding/environment/locality and determine the neglected and underutilized local foods/species Foods from Market survey, FGD and KII vs foods from DD Questionnaire To identify the prevalence of malnutrition of mother and child BMI, stunting, wasting and underweight To assess the dietary diversity of mother and child DDS of mother and child Computation To Investigate association between dietary diversity and nutritional status DDS and BMI/nutritional status indices Cross-tabulation To determine factors affecting dietary diversity DDS and socio-demographic, economic and household factors Cross-tabulation To ascertain the influence of nutrition education on dietary diversity DDS before and after nutrition education Paired T-test STUDY DESIGN The study will be a cross-sectional and descriptive study. STUDY LOCATION The study will be conducted in Anambra state. Anambra state is located in the south-east zone of Nigeria, with its state capital being Awka. On a longitude of 6 20 00N and latitude of 7 00 00E, the state has 21 Local Government areas. It has a land area of 4,416km2 and a population of 4,177,848, made of 2,117,984 males and 2,059,844 females (NPC, 2006). With a population of 473,248, Children Under -five account for about 11.35% of the Anambra state population. Onitsha North and South, Awka North and South and Nnewi North and South are all urban area in the state. Idemili, Oyi, Anaocha, Ogabru and Dunkofia are peri-urban, while the remaining Local governments are rural. With a population size of 369,972 (NPC, 2006), Aguata LGA is the 2nd largest LGA in terms of size and the largest LGA in terms of number of constituting communities 15 communities. The local government has the presence of a prison in Ekwulobia and the renowned Igbo-ukwu museum that houses artefacts and monuments from pre-colonial era. Like all other LGA in Anambra state, Aguata has its own share of ecological disasters, the most prominent being the Ekwulobia Oko erosion site. Other small-sized erosion sites abound in different communities in the LGA. The Staple food consumed here is mostly cassava and yam, eaten as fufu, garri, abacha etc. green leafy vegetables and fruits are also abundantly found. The planting season, marks the beginning of the annual year (Igu aro), and peaks during the harvest season. Map of Anambra State The study will be conducted in Uga, a town in Aguata LGA of Anambra state, in South East Nigeria. With a landmass of about 3790km2, it also has about 100,000 inhabitants. Uga shares its borders with Akokwa, Nkpologwu, Amesi, Umuchu and Ezinifite. The town is made of 4 villages namely Oka, Umueze, Umuoru and Awalasi. These villages have different clan, an average of 6 clans per villages. They include Oka, made up of Okwuowerre, Umuikpa, Umueziama, Amaeke, Okohia and Umucheke. Umueze is made of Umucheke, Ezihe, Umu-umeonye, Umudim and Umuonyike. Umoru village is made of Imishii, Umudieleke, Umuezekpoko and Umori. Awalasi village is made of Umunocha, Umuchiaku, Umuakabo, Umudim, Umuosu, Okwu, Agbako and Umuoweri. The community Uga, has 2 streams/waterbodies, namely, Obizi and Agwazi. While the former is potable and serves as a tourist site, its a taboo to fetch from the latter or visit. The population is predominantly Igbos with few settlers from other tribes. Almost every household has some form of garden or subsistence/small-scale farming; most of the food/fruits available in the market come from subsistence farming. Land tenure is mainly through inheritance and few by purchase. STUDY POPULATION Mothers with under-5 children in the study community. SAMPLE SIZE For the main study, all mothers with their youngest under-5 children in the town will be used. For the Key Informant Interview, The oldest individual in each clan will be used. A total of 24 subjects will be interviewed For the focus Group discussions, each group will have a minimum of 6 and maximum of 8 members in each of the 4 villages, comprising of both sexes. SAMPLING PROCEDURE A three-stage sampling technique will be used to select respondents/mother-child pair for the questionnaire survey. Firstly, Anambra state, will be purposively selected because food systems are eroded with language, an indicator of culture. The Igbo culture is the fastest eroding culture among all the 3 major tribes in Nigeria. Legend also has Anambra State as the origin of Igbo people in the South-Eastern part of Nigeria. Secondly, Aguata LGA with its headquarters at Ekwulobia will be purposively selected because in the local government, urban and rural communities are found. Its headquarters, Ekwulobia, serves as the entry point to numerous communities and Local Government. Its proximity to Federal Polytechnic, Oko and Federal College of Education (Technical), Umunze, makes it a key point and central access area. While the headquarters remains urban, the surrounding communities, the study area- Uga included are still rural. It will be strategic to study the effects of the spills of urban development in the dietary practice of these rural communities. Thirdly using a table of random numbers, Uga was chosen as the study area and all villages in Uga town will be used for the study. SAMPLE SELECTION SELECTION OF QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONDENTS All the women living in the community with a child under-five years of age who consent to participate will be included in the study. Already participating women will also be asked for referrals of other mother-child pair. SELECTION OF FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Using the help of research assistants, through non-probability sampling, 6-8 males and females aged 60 and above will be selected from each village and used for the focus group discussion. SELECTION OF KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEW the oldest person in each clan/village irrespective of gender will be used in Key Informant Interview. The individuals must be mentally acute despite disabilities/ infamy. MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT Food/Market Survey Questionnaire Focus Group discussion guide Key informant interview guide FAOs 16-item Individual Dietary Diversity Questionnaire for mothers and children aged 36-59 months Demographic Health Surveys 21-item Dietary Diversity Questionnaire for children Under 36 months Socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire for the mother. USIAD/FAOs 3-item Household Hunger Scale Food Frequency Questionnaire VARIABLES Socio-demographic characteristics Mothers DDS before the intervention Childs DDS before the intervention Mothers DDS after the intervention Childs DDS after the intervention HFIAS Score Nutritional status of child Nutritional status of mother Family dynamics and household characteristics Food Variety Score (FVS) Pattern of consumption COMMUNITY ENTRY Entry will be done through the different religious bodies (Christianity and traditional) and the community leaders. The community leaders include Uga Town Union, the Igwe and his council and also the individual village unions. They will be acquainted with the different objectives of the study and its advantages for the community members. They will also be requested to disseminate the information to the community members to get their cooperation. DATA COLLECTION Quantitative questionnaires will be used to collect baseline information from the communities. The questionnaires will be administered by twenty four (24) fieldworkers (research assistants). The research assistants will be selected one from each clan with at least a secondary school education. All of them will speak English and the local Igbo dialect of the community fluently. The research assistants will be carefully trained by the researcher. The study objectives, methods and questionnaires will be discussed with special emphasis on interpretation of result, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and nutritional status. Proficiency of the research assistants will be verified through role play and pre-testing. The research assistant will be supervised by the lead researcher through field monitoring to check quality. The Key Informant Interview (KII) and Focus Group Discussions will be conducted by the lead researcher and a note taker using the KII and FGD guides. The interview will be recorded, with the permission of the subjects. BASELINE As a means of assessing the current situation, baseline information of the study communities will be conducted. For this phase of the study a short food identification questionnaire, Appendix A will be used to document all foods encountered in the native nearby Igbo markets. Any new food and fruit type (species) or variety will be photographed with a digital camera and information about it will be gathered. Information to be gathered include trade name, local name, name of market sold, source of food/fruit, type of buyers, season when available and (recipe). Scientific and family name will be added following correct identification through books, internet and knowledgeable people in relevant departments of the University of Ibadan. All food items encountered will be classified into food groups. Since dietary diversity involves biodiversity food of plant and animal origin, aquatic and forest resources also found will be documented. MARKET SURVEY The market survey will be conducted on the 4 native Igbo market days Eke, Orie, Afor and Nkwo. Each communitys market operates on a given market day, example, Orie for Uga community, Nkwo for Umuchu community etc. A market survey of proximal markets to the study area will also be conducted. They include Orie-Uga, Nkwo-Uchu and Eke-Ekwulobia. These 3 markets fall on different Igbo market days (Orie, Nkwo, Eke), leaving out only one market day, Afor. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and key-informant interviews (KII) will be carried out for foods not sold in the market, but consumed in the community. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION Focus groups discussions will be facilitated in (different churches) each village to be used in the study by the lead researcher with a note-taker present. The use of FGD guide Appendix B will be employed and also a camcorder for recording and camera for photographs. Each FGD will have a minimum of 6 members and a maximum of 8 members. The purpose of the FGD is to learn about foods that are underutilised in the environment. The discussion will be conducted in native Igbo language dialect of the community. KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS The KII guide Appendix C will be used to conduct the KII. Respondents will be asked foods, farming systems and varieties of foods that are currently underutilised. They will also be asked about the source, harvest season, recipe of those foods and use. The interview will be conducted in the native Igbo language dialect. ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS Baseline anthropometric measurements will be taken of the mother (BMI) and child (Stunting, Wasting and Underweight). For the weights, electronic scales will be used. CHILDREN For children 0 to 23 months, their weights will be taken using the children weighing scale. Children 24 to 59 months and all mothers will be weighed using the electronic scale, after they have emptied their bladder. All weights will be measured to the nearest 0.1kg. For all weight measurements, the balance will be placed on a level hard surface and adjusted to zero balance before measurement. The subject will stand in the centre of the scale and looking straight. Light clothing will be advised in the absence of nudity. For the heights, children and infants less than 85cm will have recumbent length measured using a wooden measuring board (WHO, 1995). The infants heels will touch against the footboard, shoulders touching the baseboard and the crown of head touching headboard. Stadiometer will be used for children longer than 85cm. The subject will stand straight, looking ahead with the head, shoulder blades, buttocks and heels touching the plane. For weight-for-age and height-for-age, exact date of birth will be used. WHO Anthro v3.2.2 will be used to calculate weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. The WHO standard Z-scores will be used. MOTHERS Body Mass Index (BMI) also called Quetelets Index calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2) will be used to assess the nutritional status of the mothers. The weights will be measured using the electronic scale, after they have emptied their bladder with the scale on a hard surface and adjusted to zero balance. The mothers heights will be measured with a Stadiometer. The subject will stand straight, looking ahead with the head, shoulder blades, buttocks and heels touching the plane. The classification of mothers BMI will be according to WHOs recommendation (2000) as shown below Classification BMI (kg/m2) Underweight Normal range 18.50 24.99 Overweight >= 25.00 Pre-obese 25.00 29.99 Obese I 30.00 34.99 Obese II 35.00 39.99 Obese III >= 40.00 HOUSEHOLD HUNGER SCALE (HHS) Food Insecurity Score (FIS) will be found using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), Appendix G. The HFIAS is 9-item access and frequency-of-occurrence instrument developed by USAID and FAO, with a recall of 4 weeks/30 days/1 month. The general occurrence questions cover domains that include anxiety about household food supply, variety and preferences of type of food and insufficient food intake and physical consequences. If the access question occurs, then the frequency of the domain question is asked and coded as often, sometimes and rarely. The maximum HFIAS for a household is 27, i.e., a situation where frequency of occurrence of all questions is often (3) and the least HFIAS is (0). The higher the HFIAS, the higher the food insecurity; the lesser the HFIAS, the lesser the food insecurity. DIETARY DIVERSITY Dietary diversity of mother and child will be assessed. The interview will be conducted on an Eke day, which is not preceded by a weekend. This is necessary as Eke day precedes an Orie day, which is the market day and dietary habits are synonymous with festive day. Also, Eke day is the only day without a proximal market to the community. MOTHER The 16-item FAOs Dietary Diversity Questionnaire, Appendix D will be used from which Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) for the mothers will be calculated. The food groups include cereals, vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers, white tubers and roots, dark green vegetables, other vegetable, vitamin A rich fruits, other fruits, organ meat(iron-rich), flesh meats, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts and seeds, milk and milk products, oils and fat, sweets and coffee/tea. To calculate Individual dietary diversity score (IDDS), the last two items sweets and coffee/tea are left out, while the others items each has a point. The mean IDDS, percentage consuming each food group and terciles as a measure of distribution of scores will be calculated. The Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), Appendix H, will be used to calculate the Food Variety Score (FVS) and the consumption patterns of the mothers. Different varieties of food will be listed and scored. Their consumption will be noted as never, once a month, more than once a month, once a week, more than once a week, everyday and more than once everyday. CHILDREN For children more than 3 years, as with the mothers, FAOs 16-item individual dietary diversity questionnaire, Appendix D will be used, for foods eaten in the last 24 hour. The food groups include cereals, vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers, white tubers and roots, dark green vegetables, other vegetable, vitamin A rich fruits, other fruits, organ meat(iron-rich), flesh meats, eggs, fish, legumes, nuts and seeds, milk and milk products, oils and fat, sweets and coffee/tea. To calculate Individual dietary diversity score (IDDS), the last two items sweets and coffee/tea are left out, while the others items each has a point. The 21-item dietary diversity questionnaire, Appendix E, used in Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) will be used for children less than 3 years. The items on the questionnaire range from water, breastmilk, infant formula, green leafy vegetables, organ meats, fish etc. The IDDS will be calculated over 21 items. The mean IDDS, percentage consuming each food group and terciles as a measure of distribution of scores will be calculated. SOCIO DEMOGRAPHY Socio-demographic characteristics of the household will be collected, using Appendix F. Demographic characteristics of the mother will include Education, Age at marriage, current age, Childs date of birth, marital status, parity, religion. Economic information will include job, monthly earning, Access to farm, livestock ownership, food access market or farm production. Household details will also be collected, and they include type of household nuclear or extended, number of dependents in the family, number of household members, source of income and total household income. CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERUTILIZED SPECIES Underutilized and neglected food species and groups will be identified from the Dietary Diversity Questionnaire in comparison with the market research earlier carried out. MAPPING The map of the town Uga, will be digitized, using the nutritional status and dietary diversity. This will help monitor trends in nutritional status and DDS. DATA PROCESSING Data entry, computation and analysis will be done with SPSS v 17. Quality will be ensured through quality checks associated with data entry processes, double entry and further data cleaning through generation of descriptive analysis after data entry. DATA ANALYSIS Characteristics of the sample average mothers age, average childs age, mothers education, parity, occupation of mother, average household income, average DDS. Prevalence of malnutrition will also be assessed, stunting, wasting and underweight of the children and BMI of the mother. This will be done through Frequency distributions for qualitative variables and descriptive analysis for quantitative variable. DDS and nutritional status of mother (BMI) through cross-tabulation DDS and nutritional status of child (Stunting, wasting and underweight) through cross-tabulation with each indices. HFIAS and nutritional status of mother HFIAS and nutritional status of child Nutritional status of mother and nutritional status of child through cross-tabulation of mothers status with each individual nutritional index. Effect of socio-demographic, household characteristics and economic differentials on DDS and anthropometric measurements. A model for interactions of quantitative will be generated linear and logistic regression, the MIXED procedure for quantitative response variables (BMI and DDS) and the GLIMMIX procedure for dichotomous response variables. INTERVENTION Nutrition Education will be conducted in different ways to enhance the consumption of underutilised foods. Underutilized food/fruits/species that has been thus categorised will be promoted through nutrition education. A food/fruit/specie will be said to be underutilized if it is readily available in the environment but its consumption is low. Firstly, food and nutrient information of underutilized foods will be sent to the phones of mothers as a daily SMS in the native Igbo dialect for 30 days. A single food/fruit will be highlighted each day, including the different ways in which it can be consumed. Recipes will also be included, to enable the mothers attempt otherwise new foods. Using mass media e.g. posters, handbills and stickers, general awareness will be created on the underutilised foods in the town. The posters and stickers will be distributed on the towns market day Oye-Uga and at the different religious places in the town. Copies will also be made available to the participating women. Face -to -face nutrition discussion will be held for mothers in the clan with the lowest Dietary Diversity Score that correlates with low nutritional status of the Mother-Child pair. It will be held in the village hall, assessable to everybody. The discussion will seek to bring to the fore the underutilized food in the community, and the different recipes for preparation of the foods. ENDLINE/EVALUATION The IDDS of both mother child pair will be assessed again to calculate the post-intervention practise. This will help ascertain if the intervention impacted knowledge to the mother as evidenced by the post-intervention IDDS. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION Ethical clearance will be sort from the Health Ethical Review Committee (HREC) of the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan. EXPECTED OUTCOME It is expected that at the end of the study, adequate knowledge on importance of dietary diversity will be garnered by the mothers and visible in their feeding practice, of both themselves and their children. TIMELINE FOR THE STUDY Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Activity/Month Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Community Entry Recruitment of Research Assistants and Training Market Survey Key Informant Interview Focus Group Discussion Administration of Questionnaire Analysis of Baseline Data Intervention Collection of Endline Data Analysis of Endline Data BUDGET

Presidential Theory Essays -- essays research papers fc

I disagree with Stephen Hess’ contention that modern President’s are woefully miscast in the role of manager of the Executive Branch. The Office of The President in its infancy acted strictly as a Chief Executive, by enforcing Congressional legislation that had been passed into law. As the government continued to develop, The President took on more responsibility acting in the capacity as Chief Administrator; by initiating legislation through a top-down process. Today, the President has developed into a combination of the aforementioned roles. The President manages his White House staff, as well as the nation, in order to attain a less hectic, more structured, effective leadership. Constitutional empowerment, presidential character, and public expectations have always and will continue to shape the fundamental managerial role of President of The United States. The blueprint of the Office of The Presidency can be traced back to1777, when the state of New York passed their Constitution. The Constitution of the state of New York gave only the â€Å"Governor† ultimate executive power, stressed the importance of a strong chief executive, granted reprieves and pardons, as well as the establishment of the State of the Union address. The Final aspect of the NY Constitution found in the Constitution today, which clearly is a managerial task, is the power of the Presidential veto. By exercising this power, the President is clearly managing Congress, for if not in the best interest of the nation, it is the President’s responsibility to block the legislation, and give constructive feedback to Congress, with hopes of seeing a revised edition before him as soon as possible. All of the aforementioned aspects of the New York state Constitution can be found in Article II of the Constitution of the United States of America. The Constitution is the building block for the President’s role as Chief Executive. Through the vesting clause of Article II- paragraph one- executive power is placed exclusively in the President’s hands. Article II-Section III authorizes the President â€Å"†¦ to give Congress information of the State of The Union and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient†, known commonly as the annual The State of the Union address. Through the State of the Union address the President demonstrates another important aspect of h... ...uing Executive Orders that are backed by the force of said laws. The President still supervises the implementation of laws by directing administrative agencies, such as the Department of Interior and the Department of Defense. The President’s responsibilities have remained the same since 1788, yet they have been added to with every newly elected President. Although the evolution of the Presidency is an interesting subject and I respect Professor Hess’ opinion, it is clear to me that The Office of The President of The United States of America, has since its infancy, and will continue to be in the future, a strong, decisive, informed, position, in which only the most brilliant, motivated, and disciplined are able to manage. Works Cited 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Presidency Origins and Development. Sidney M. Milkis & Michael Nelson, Congressional Quarterly 1994. pages 82, 263, 293. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Organizing the Presidency, Stephen Hess. Brookings Institute 2002. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.encarta.com 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Power of the Modern Presidency, Erwin C. Hargrove. Alfred A. Knopf, INC 1974, pg. 304.

The Harsh Truth in the Filipino Curriculum

The Harsh Truth in the Filipino Curriculum In the Filipino society today I cannot help but notice that when it comes to intellectual stuff the English language is more commonly used than the native language. James Syrians one of the students of Atone noticed this and he even made an article about it which enraged many people. In my opinion James Garrison's Article has a point, it's looks negative at first but it actually has a good meaning. But he problem is that most Filipinos are too stubborn to accept the truth.When he said that the Filipino language is commonly used in the streets I agree because you wouldn't use the English language in the local street stores or when dealing with local vendors because it would look awkward. One of the probable reasons why his article has received many negative criticisms is because in some parts of the article he used his own perspective based on the environment he grew up in especially hen he said that the Filipino language is not used on intel lectual.But ironically the school Atone(his school) uses the Filipino language for intellectual arguments. Since James Garrison's articles presents the problem that the Filipino language has today it would be good if the Depend would check this article and come up with something to help flourish the Filipino Language. I would suggest that they modify the curriculum wherein they would use the Filipino language in teaching some major objects like Math and Science during grade 1-6 so that the students would understand it better.Because during those years the students haven't even mastered their mother tongue and it would be better to let them learn it well first before teaching them the English language. The article of James Syrians may look very offensive for a Filipino at first but if we read between the lines we can learn a thing or two about the state of the Filipino language in the current curriculum.

European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans Essay

In the eighteenth century much of Europe was experiencing an industrial production, furthering toward a more industrial society. Many people were supporting the new society, while others were criticizing it. From 1845-1847 Europe was experiencing poor harvests, which caused the Irish famine. Irish peasants died from starvation, while others migrated. Artisans and factory workers were undergoing a process called proletarianization. It was where an owner would pay a wage and the worker would lose all ownership of production. If the factory ran smoothly, then it would be a better chance that the workers would have a safe workplace, but if that wasn’t the case then the workers may have to work in poor work conditions. Urban artisans experienced the process a little differently than the factory workers. Metal workers and craftsmen saw an increase in demand for their work. Artisans were working for masters, first as apprentices, then as journeymen. The master owned the equipment and the workers owned the small tools used. The journeymen would later become masters. The guild system allowed the factory to run smoothly. Liberals did not like the labor or guild systems and they tried to make them illegal. Masters were very competitive. They began to follow confection, which is where they make everything standard instead of individualistic. This made the artisan less valuable. Unskilled workers would come from the countryside to work. It became more difficult for journeymen to become masters, in turn artisans would become wage labors for life. Nineteenth-Century European Women Women in the Early Industrial Revolution The revolution had a great impact on the home and family life for women. Women could depend on the male’s wages. Children would follow the roles of their parents. This occurred within the middle and lower class families. Women were also allowed to work and make their own wages to support themselves if they had the desire to do so. The skills required to work were lowered when women started working. Textile production played a big role in the industrial revolution, so women were involved from the start. Women did the majority in the textile production until it was moved to factories, then the men replaced the women. In the 1820’s unmarried women rapidly became employed in factories. Most of the women working in factories were usually unmarried or widowed because it was less likely for them to become pregnant or get influenced by their husband to quit. At midcentury, the women accounted for less than half of all employment. In France, the working women continued to work on the land. In England, they were domestic servants. Women’s working conditions were almost always harsh and they were always exposed to exploitation. Social Disabilities Confronted by All Women During the early nineteenth century women suffered from social and legal property rights, family law, and education. By the end of the century improvements were being shown in those areas. Europeans were classified into ranks and women were inferior to men. In the late nineteenth century married women could finally own their own property in their own name. Women had no standing with the law. The reform of women’s property rights came slowly. By 1882 Great Britain allowed married women to own property. In France, a married woman could not even open a savings account in their name until 1895. In 1907, they were allowed to receive their own wages. In 1900 Germany allowed women to work without their husbands’ permission. Similar laws began to strike in Europe. The law also worked against women, for example legal codes made wives obey their husbands. The Napoleonic Code and the Roman law made women legal minors throughout Europe. Everything was more difficult for women including; divorce, keeping their children, contraception, and abortion. Women were controlled by men. Women had less access to education and they were only educated enough for the domestic careers that they were expected to follow. The percentage of illiterate women outnumbered that of women. The more professional education remained reserved for men until the third quarter of the century. Italian women had a better chance with education. Keeping women from school helped keep women out of social and economic events. School teaching became a profession for women. As things progressed women worked more and the jobs required little or no skill.